Past. Edward L. Thorndike Is Known As A Very Instrumental

Past Edward L. Thorndike is known as a very instrumental scientist within the field of psychology as he contributed well over 500 articles throughout his career. Thorndike earned a Bachelors degree from Wesleyan University in 1895, where he then decided to go to Harvard University with the intention to study literature. He then studied William James’s version of The Principles of Psychology, which he found interesting and enough reason switch his focus to psychology (Daniel, 2000). William James had apparently decided to stop studying experimental psychology, which influenced Thorndike’s decision to attend Columbia University instead. Columbia University appeared to have been a positive alternative for Thorndike as he was offered†¦show more content†¦He completed other types of experiments that included generalization and discrimination techniques to determine the limitations of learned associations (Stam, 1998). Ivan P. Pavlov’s father was a priest in R ussia and Ivan Pavlov began his studies in theology in a church school. Why move from God to Science? Betrayal! He began studying at the University of Saint Petersburg where he focused on chemistry and physiology. Known for his research with animals, he contributed a lot to the field of experimental medicine and to the field of behavior analysis. In 1904, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his experimental work regarding to digestive system (W. Horsley, 2012). Throughout his career, he remained ambitious. He was chosen to be a leader in multiple organizations including becoming the Head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy and Director of the Department of Physiology of the Institute of Experimental Medicine. While he was a leader within those organizations, he studied the nervous system and contributed to the experimental field (Markov, 2008). Pavlov spoke against the political figures of that time and communism in general. H e was extremely well known, which helped him immensely by keeping him alive since a lot of the people he worked with who were also against communism died for voicing their opinions (Marks, 2004). Pavlov is most well knownShow MoreRelatedPsychology1586 Words   |  7 Pages Plato believed that some knowledge is innate while Aristotle believed that the ability to learn depended on experience, however neither were able to prove their theories with concrete evidence. As time went on and psychology became more widely known, more theoretical approaches to psychology were introduced. Freud established the psychoanalytical theory, which emphasized the importance of the unconscious and how it shaped how humans behave. While Freud did use psychoanalysis to attempt to bringRead MoreA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4629 Words   |  19 Pagessciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and e xplain how learning takes place. Two of the most important early researchers were Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. Among later researchers, B. F. Skinner was important for his studies of the relationship between behaviour and consequences. They are also known as the Behaviourists. According to them, learning can be defined as â€Å"the relatively permanent change inRead MoreA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4640 Words   |  19 Pagessciences, and conducted experiments to understand how people and animals learn. Psychologists have tried in the past to define and explain how learning takes place. Two of the most important early researchers were Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. Among later researchers, B. F. Skinner was important for his studies of the relationship between behaviour and consequences. They are also known as the Behaviourists. According to them, learning can be defined as â€Å"the relatively permanent change inRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesborder s, the engine of innovation is ignited, prosperity is fueled and the energy available to everyone inc reases. At the same tim balancing the needs of e, producers and consum ers is as crucial as increa sing supply and curbin g demand. Only then wil l the world enjoy energy peace-of-mind. Succeeding in securing energy for everyone doe sn’t have to come at the exp ens start to think differently e of anyone. Once we all about energy, then we can truly make this promise a reality. $15 hips over ketRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesconsistency and equity within an organization. Consistency is particularly important in compensation and promotion decisions. When managers make compensation decisions without consulting the human resource department the salary structure tends to become very uneven and unfair promotion decisions also may be handled unfairly when the HR department does not coordinate the decision of individual manger. e. Expertise Now a days there exist sophisticated personnel activities that require special expertise.

Christian Philosophy Of Christian Theology - 935 Words

From childhood we observe, study, and even absorb our surroundings. These observations cultivate the person we become and educates us on how to approach life situations independently. Independence is the self-governing state of freedom to think and act as we desire. How we approach life events can be viewed from a philosophical and/or a theological perspective. This essay will compare different approaches in Christian theology to philosophy to see which study was more influential in our individual development. Christian theology is the study of Christian beliefs. There are four sources for this study including scripture, tradition, reasoning and experience. Scriptures are sacred writings that document historical events pertaining to Christianity. The Bible is the central location for the scriptures. Christians consider the Bible their source of truth and the reference material needed to handle all life events as a Christian should. There are various definitions regarding tradition however; one in particular lends itself best to Christian theology. Tradition is the continued sharing of stories, customs, or values to future generations by written or oral means. Tradition is passed down from generation to generation but, it is in vain without application. Tradition provides a sense of stability for Christian theology however it also can promote spiritual growth if allowed. Fiorenza (1984), noted that modern hermeneutics is being used to examine the source of ChristianShow MoreRelatedThe Theology Of Philosophy And Christian Theology917 Words   |  4 Pages There are four theology sources of theology that is scripture, tradition, reason and religious experience. The scripture is expounded with the context of public worship and is the subject of meditation and devotion on the part of individual Christian (McGrath, 2011). Tradition is an active process of passing on the Christian faith, rather than as a static source of revelation, independent of Scripture (Mc Grath, 2011). Reason is assumed an especial importance at the time of the EnlightenmentRead MorePhilosophy and Christian Theology8519 Words   |  35 Pagesdiscuss them all here. Rather, our focus will be on those concepts and doctrines that are distinctively Christian, and which have been the focus of a good deal of recent discussion in the philosophical literature. Thus, although theism is a central Christian concept, it is not distinctively Christian and so will not be covered here. Further, although views about the Eucharist, a central Christian concept, have held a significant place in the philosophical dialogue in former times, it will not be discussedRead MorePlatonic Philosophy Of Christian Theology1902 Words   |  8 PagesPlatonic Philosophy in Christian Theology Plato is undoubtedly one of the world’s most widely read and studied philosophers, as he laid the foundations of Western Philosophy and science—influencing the world generations beyond his time. His influences can be seen in a multitude of subjects—aesthetics, political philosophy, cosmology, epistemology, the philosophy of language, and even theology. Although Plato was Greek, and the Greeks are not inherently Christian, multiple aspects of his philosophy areRead MoreWhat Is Theology Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theolog y. The development of theology in ChristendomRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages What is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreDat Based On The Information Given From The Book1686 Words   |  7 PagesBibliographic data: Based on the information given from the book (because not much of his biography is given online), Ed L. Miller is a professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Stanley J. Grenz, on the other hand, is a Pioneer McDonald Professor at Carey Theologic al College, Vancouver, British Columbia. He is a former student of Miller’s. Stanley had his trainings in various parts of the world. He preached and gave lectures at churches, colleges, universitiesRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece1657 Words   |  7 PagesInfluence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the earliest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek people to createRead More Can Education be Classical and Christian? Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pageseducation be both classical and Christian? Many parents ask this question every year, unknowingly echoing an age-old question. Tertullian, an early church father, was perhaps the first to consider whether these two ideas are compatible when he asked, â€Å"What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?† The church fathers continued to wrestle with the question for centuries, most concluding that all ideas that are taken captive for Christ may be used profitably by Christians. Ex amining this ongoing conversationRead MoreThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and coherent. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophy thereRead MorePaul Tillich’s Theological Method of Correlation Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Tillich (1886-1965) was a major figure in twentieth-century theology. After holding several academic posts in Germany, he and his family moved to the United States in November 1933. He subsequently held teaching positions at Union Theological Seminary, Harvard Divinity School, and the University of Chicago Divinity School. The author of several well-known books, he is possibly best remembered for his three-volume Systematic Theology. The present paper is an attempt to give a summary of Tillich’s

Marketing and Nike free essay sample

Nikes excellence marketing strategies are their energy to achieve their market goals. Nike believes the pyramid influence that the preferences of a small percentage of top athletes influence the product and brand choice. PROS OF NIKES CORE MARKETING STRATEGY: Nike put heavily proportion in their marketing strategies and products deign. In order to sustain their dominance in the industry and retain their competitive advantages, Nike actively responds to the market trends and changes in consumer preference by adjusting their marketing strategies, the mix of existing product offerings, developing new products, styles and categories, and influencing sports and fitness preferences through various marketing strategies. CONS OF NIKES CORE MARKETING STRATEGY: Although Nikes marketing strategies had brings lot of positive implications to the company, but it will bring negative implications to Nike too. The negative implications that will identify in this assignment are high cost incurred, influence of spokesperson, and competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Nike or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page RISKS OF NIKES CORE MARKETING STRATEGY: Nike faces many risks when they use their core marketing strategies to achieve their goals and these risks can come from both internally and externally environmental circumstance. The risks will have a negative influence about Nikes future development, for example, the market share in the world, reputation, brand image, and customer loyalty. Question 2: If you were Adidas, how would you compete with Nike? Answer: There are two different tactics I can take when I am a #2 competitor going against the #1. I can do a direct attack, where I match everything the #1 does in terms of product, advertising, price and distribution. The chances of winning are slim, and If you were adidas, how would you compete with nike? With a portfolio as diverse as goggles, what are the company’s core brand values? What’s next for Google? Is it doing the right thing taking on Microsoft with the concept of cloud computing, and apple in the fight for smart phones?

Motivation and Organizational Behaviour

Motivation can be defined as a force that encourages and pushes an individual to perform to his fullest. Motivation is a very significant force that is required to finish a task or complete a goal. Motivation can be extrinsic like something that is done to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cleaning the room to get a reward from parents is one example. It can also be intrinsic like something that is done if it brings pleasure and is enjoyable. For example taking part in a football tournament could be enjoyable and rewarding in terms of certificates and medals. I mostly get motivated with verbal praise rather than monetary benefits. Motivation can come in different types, and the one I find most effective is when someone believes in me and place all their trust on to me. I am a person who liked to get appreci ation when I put extra effort to meet targets. If I do not get appreciation, then I am more likely to lose motivation. I then feel that all my efforts have gone to waste as no one appreciated or even noticed the task I so brilliantly completed (Kinicki, 2008). I normally try to interact and keep a positive behaviour and attitude with my co-workers. I have learned that keeping a positive and friendly attitude is very important and leads to motivation. As people find me friendly, they always try to give me honest advice and correct feedback which motivates me. I believe that I was able to stay motivated because my co-workers have been supportive. I have seen such types of employees and know for sure how dissatisfied they are with their entourage (Pinder, 2008). My organization makes sure that employees interact with one another and that there is no one receiving special treatment nor is there anyone creating groups between employees. The organization believes that if employees work as a unit then they will be more efficient rather than working all by themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this purpose, they believe in job rotation. Every member of the organization gets to be a part of different teams so that he could spend time with them and get to know them. The organization believes that when the entire organization knows each other then there would not be any complaints or any jealousy for the others. The organization makes sure that all employees feel that they are equally contributing towards the success of the organization. There is no one small or anyone big. The organization where I am currently employed provides equal importance to each and every worker (Nelson Quick, 2008). More could be done as there is always room for improvement. The top management can play a vital role in motivating the employees verbally. I have noticed that some times the top management does not realise the power they have over employees. They are a source of information and employees look on to them as their idols. I speak this because that is how I feel and most of the members in my office feel. Employees tend to feel neglected when they are not motivated by management for putting extra effort at work. Their performance slows down ultimately affecting the output of the organization. Verbal praise from top management may allow the employees to become positive in every possible way. Reference List Kinicki, A. (2008). Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts, Skills Best. New York: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. Nelson, D. L., Quick, J. C. (2008). Understanding Organizational Behavior. Mason: Cengage Learning. Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior. Hoboken: Psychology Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jazz in America essays

Jazz in America essays Jazz is a mixture of culture, rhythm, and blues. It is a melting of many different people and there heritage. This American musical form often-improvisational development by African Americans, and influence by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. During the 1800 in Americas south, music was an integral part of the life of the plantation slaves of African decent. Plantation songs, spirituals, and field were a part of everyday life-to celebrate, to morn, to entertain, to commemorate, to worship, and to accompany the drudgery of the work. The music of the plantation blended with European-American music tradition to create the basis of blues, ragtime, and other musical forms from which Jazz evolved. Ragtime from 1880-1900 was one of the early musical styles that contributed to the development of jazz. This music was developed in New Orleans during the late 1800, it was composed primarily for the piano. It combined a 16 note based syncopated melody with the form and feel of a march. On the piano this was achieved by pianoist left hand playing a steady boom-chic bass and cord pattern, and the right hand playing the tune. Playing in this style was called ragging. Noted piano players of this style were Scott Joplin, Artie Matthew, James Scott, and Tom Turpin. The Blues from 1900-1920 was an important influence on the development of Jazz. A highly expressive vocal tradition, blue songs express story and emotions. The blues were not only a type of music, but a state of mind and the way of life for many Blacks during this time. This music was seen by Northern American and became very popular. This was the beginning of the jazz age with Louis Armstrong, the Charleston, and flowering dresses with no waistline. Louis Armstrong was the first important soloist to emerge in Jazz. In the 1920 in a studio recording he made his hot five and hot seven ensemble. He ...

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career When we think about succeeding in our professional lives, most of the things we consider revolve around our work. But there is something to be said for the art of conversation that will lead you to new opportunities. By using these 10 useful phrases, you’ll be able to boost your career in ways you never thought were possible. Â  Source: [brightside.me]

TO BE OF USE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TO BE OF USE - Essay Example Praise has been showered for the courage and patience of those who are determined to carry forward the task, work with fortitude and eyes on their final objective. There are people who render their services for the mankind, without caring for the inclement weather, adverse circumstances like the farmers do, to produce the grains for all of us. There are those having patience of waiting for their turn, to comply with the law at the cost of their own discomfort, but working relentlessly for achieving the aims and objectives that they have set for themselves. These people, working in close coordination with others in a team spirit, take pride in helping others. They are always there when the fellow human beings need them or whenever the society asks for them. Marge Piercy has compared the consistent worker with a craftsman who diligently shapes the seemingly useless water soaked soil into beautifully pottery. These pots in many attractive shapes adorn our drawing halls, make way in museums, add colour to the grace of our homes and has the ability to hold a number of other costly items. An able and diligent worker also feels happy and contented in the fact that others around feel happy when they see the outcome of their work.

Industrial safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial safety - Essay Example The findings of the studies conducted indicate that ignorance of the safety rules is not a problem anymore. Most workers are aware of the need of taking safety precautions while the industry and other industries are also aware of this (Reese, 2009). This is noted also in the extensive training sessions that both employees and employers have reported going to, all in a bid to observe the rule and avoid at all costs, any accidents at the workplace (Wilson et al, 2003). The numbers not aware of this are impressively quite low, which is a good thing. Another finding is that workers in industries are exposed to heavy machinery. With heavy machinery comes the risk of hurting oneself, which could probably lead to death. They are also exposed to hazardous chemicals and gases (Wilson et al., 2003). This means that both the workers and the industry owners need to be well prepared for unpredicted occurrences. The unprepared workers also need enlightenment on safety matters. Several of the workers have on occasions refused to perform tasks that they thought were hazardous to them or to their co-workers. Whatever was found out in the studies is crucial and goes a long way in reducing the incidences of accidents and deaths in the workplace (Reese, 2009). The fact that the workers and owners of the industries are aware of the safety precautions helps in this. This means that all will be done to ensure safe working conditions (Wilson et al., 2003). What is impressive is that workers mind each other. They will do everything to make sure that they look out for their co-workers. They join hands in refusing to work in poor risky conditions. This is because they have all come to the realization that their safety comes first. This studies have also gone to show that employees, whether on contract or hired, understand what the safety policies require of them and they are in good behavior maintaining their safety (Reese, 2009). The

Returning to College Essay Example for Free

Returning to College Essay At the beginning of 2013 I had a discussion with my co worker about returning back to school, and the I was indecisive on what I wanted to major in. So she suggested that I do online courses, and major in Organizational Management since I wanted to become a manager within the company I am currently employed. She referred me to Ashford University, and I must say that I am very happy that she referred me to this university because it works perfectly with my work schedule. In 2002 I was accepted into Lemoyne Owens University back in Memphis,  Tennessee to major in Child Development and Education because I wanted to be a elementary school teacher. I did not attend the university because the university wanted my parents to pay more in tuition than what they were offering me in Financial Aid. At the time student loans was not an option for me for I decided to attend a Junior College instead. My first year and a half at Laney Junior College I took cosmetology classes because Laney did not offer Child Development courses and the other junior colleges classes were full. I graduated with my Associates Degree in Cosmetology in 2004, and  returned to receive my Associates Degree in Business Administration. Although I started off taking business courses I ended up switching my major to receive my Associates Degree in Liberal Arts, because it would have taken 3 years to receive my degree in business admin. Once I graduated in 2006 with my Liberal Arts degree I decided not to go back to school after that although I wanted to. I decided to put all of my effort into my 3 job, until 7 years down the line one of my co workers who is also a student at Ashford University convinced me to return to school to get my Bachelor’s Degree. Returning back to school was frequently on my mind but I did not know how to fit it in with my busy work schedule, and I felt that my writing skills were not up to the college level like they should be. Obtaining a higher degree is very important to me because it can possibly help me in the long run career wise. I would love to own my own business some day, particularly my own day care center. I also would like to be an accountant and possibly have my own accounting business. There are times that I feel that my job gets in the way of me completing my school work. So I try to set time aside each day to complete at least one discussion each day and try to complete my assignments and responses over the weekend. There are things that tend to get in the way of those plans so I just end up staying up late to complete my work. I try my hardest not to let any obstacles get in my way but I can’t predict my life and each step as much as I wish that I could. I plan on graduating next year with my Bachelor’s in Organizational Management and then try to obtain my degree in Accounting. Returning back to school has so far been one of my best life decisions thus.

The Other Side of Big Business :: essays research papers

The Other Side of Big Business In America in the 1880s, big business began to flourish due to the likes of J.P. Morgan and Andrew Carnegie. They established this by being very successful businessman themselves, and doing what they had to do to be successful, such as cut corners, whether it be in the likes of sanitation and working conditions, or pay lower wages because of the resources provided. Naturally, some sacrifices needed to be made in order to achieve this goal. But in the long run, I believe that it was well more then worth it. Many historians and big business critics argue that they did this in selfish and corrupt ways that only hurt America. I am going to argue that what was done was necessary for the prosperity of this nation, and that this was the best alternative. Before the 1880s, all of America was mainly independent upon themselves for the resources they needed to survive. Our economy was based on farming and livestock. Then along came the idea of big business. The changes that took place after the civil war involved more then just a change of technique and productivity. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the nations major sectors, like banking, oil refining, railroads, and steel, were controlled by a small number of larger corporations. This rise was also accompanied by an increase in the number of millionaires. At the beginning of the Civil War, there were only 400 millionaires in the United States. By 1892, the number had risen to 4,047.1 The emergence of the modern corporation was accompanied by many positive developments. Between 1890 and 1929, the average urban worker put in one less day of work a week and brought home three times as much in pay. The proportion of families confined to the drudgery of farm life declined by half . By 1929, nine out of ten Americans had electricity and indoor plumbing, four-fifths had automobiles, two-thirds had radios, and nearly half refrigerators and phonographs. At the same time, infant mortality fell by two-thirds, and life expectancy increased by twenty years.2 There were many differences between smaller businesses before the 1870s and the larger ones after. The most obvious, involved the corporation's larger size and capitalization. The typical business establishment before the 1870s was financed by a single person or by several people bound together in a partnership. As a result, most businesses represented the wealth of only a few individuals.

Saatchi

Now the world has changed in terms of media proliferation and, ultimately, choice. The consumer's in charge now. † So what exactly are Lovers? According to the website a Alveolar is a brand that is infused with three ingredients: Mystery, Sensuality and Intimacy. So far, so intangible (and quite confusing). But once Anastasia explains the concept it becomes almost childishly simple. â€Å"Lovers isn't some theoretical science that dazzles with the complexities – it's based on a very simple premise: We are emotional beings. There's a quote by (neurologist Donald]Canine that we sometimes refer to: â€Å"The essential deference between emotion and reason Is that emotion leads to action while reason leads to conclusions. â€Å"† The consumer purchasing the product Is, of course, the action that every manufacturer or service provider wants. So the fundamental questions remain: What is the best way to achieve this? And who are the best examples? â€Å"Globally there are lots! Harley- Davidson, Apple, Struck, Coke are just a few. People change their lifestyles for Harley, they become weekend warriors – it takes them away from themselves.And actually Harley isn't faster or technologically better than the other guys but it taps into deep emotional territory and that's what Lovers are about. They don't talk about ‘we're faster' or ‘our detergents wash brighter' and all those traditional ways of marketing, it's on a much more round Twelve years ago Stating & Stating global chief executive Kevin Roberts drew back the curtain on the latest phase toward successful consumer marketing, opening the world's eyes to a very contemporary phenomenon. He called -?Lovers: The â€Å"Lovers isn't some theoretical science that dazzles with the came. Sixties – it s based on Avery simple premise: We are emotional beings. † personal level. It's an understanding of what's important to people and what they care about. † â€Å"Look at Apple; whether it's piccolos or imams they tap into something that's much more sensual, it's a desire you want to have an Imax – as a creative person it's the currency, if you don't have one there's something wrong. Take ‘Pods, people can argue until they're blue in the face that a competitor is faster, better, cheaper, lasts longer, has more memory – I know all that but it doesn't matter, I still onto give up my pod. â€Å"Struck is into sensuality and intimacy. They've marketed themselves as ‘The Third Place'; there's Home, there's Work and there's Struck, Now, other people might say ‘but look, we have better coffee', but that's not really the point. People don't Just go there for the -? coffee, people go there' _†, for the an ideal example of how tapping into consumers emotionally is paying off. The mark is the market leader by sales and is enjoying double-digit growth year-on-year.Rather than focusing the campaign on the ‘dry' asp ect of the nappy the team shifted attention to how it helps babies to develop, â€Å"It's about understanding what's important to the people who are buying Pampers. Kids' brains process the day in thriftless, SO a good night is hugely important to a baby's development, So the nappies have been improved for comfort and dryness to allow the baby to get the best night's sleep: When you explain development to a mother and you talk about how important a good night's sleep is for their child, 49 then they get it.When they understand that, there's way Tanat tannery to going to do what's best for their kid. † Such seemingly small step represents a fundamental shift in the way products are presented to the public. It is no longer a matter of what is being offered, but rather how it will directly affect the purchaser's lifestyle. It is a concept that is catching on in boardrooms worldwide, according to Anastasia sees are among the first to see the benefits – it is only in the co mpany marketing departments that it meets resistance: â€Å"Lovers is to the consumer the notion of loyalty beyond reason.If you have that you resented with the sheer amount of choice on offer, whether on satellite television, terrestrial radio or the internet. â€Å"It's easier to market to people than to connect with people,† he explains, â€Å"but in the attraction economy you have to inspire, motivate, connect with – and these are words that you don't normally use as marketers. You need a big idea that people can engage with and they come from deep insights. † Getting to this stage does require some groundwork, Anastasia admits that before brands can become Lovers they have to already benefit from consumers' respect.Some companies can build that up quickly but it normally does take time. â€Å"Take Coke for example, that's a Lovers. If you take a generic brand off the shelves people will Just switch to another, but if you take a Alveolar off the shelves th ey'll revolt! They'll say -?you can't do that, that's MY brand†. When Coke changed their recipe there's was an uproar, they were forced to change it back because the public wouldn't accept their ‘messing about' with ‘their' brand. † Regionally Middle Eastern companies have benefited greatly from the dynamism of global companies arriving on the scene.Homegrown brands such as Emirates and can charge premium prices; pods are a premium, Harley charge a premium. So there's a business case for it; people are prepared to pay if they can make a connection to ten product. Ana tannery nappy to Decease teen see Tanat there's value to it, they'd be worried if it was cheaper. There are whole studies that show that Alveolar brands offer greater returns. † So why aren't all companies' marketing strategies being transferred by this revolution? Well, in order to gauge exactly how different products are received, research methods have to undergo a horrors change.As Anast asia puts it you have to -?go from the zoo to the Jungle. † Rather than convening focus groups into sterile boardrooms to canvas opinions, researchers have to venture into people's homes and work-places. Reliance on the traditional ‘media schedule target group' philosophy fades almost into insignificance when So why aren't all companies' marketing strategies being transformed? Well, in order to gauge exactly how different products are received, research methods have to undergo a thorough change. As Anastasia puts it you have to â€Å"go from the zoo to he Jungle.

Law 421

Week 3 Law 421| | David Tiffany UOP| Shalandrea Jones | October 29, 2012 | Torts are civil laws that are broken and are rules for lawsuits. When these rules are broken they can result in injury and harm this is usually the basis for the claim. Torts are punishable by imprisonment but in most cases tort law is to provide relief for damages and to stop others from doing the same thing. The injured party can sue for loss of earnings, pain and suffering, and medical expenses or present and future.Torts can fall under 3 categories intentional torts, negligent torts, and strict liability. Intentional torts include intentionally hitting someone, negligent torts causing a traffic accident, and strict liability, making and selling defective merchandise. Tort law also includes the areas of nuisance, defamation, invasion of privacy and economic torts. The first case deals with keyless entries that malfunction. This is an example of a strict liability this law a law applies to manufactures that manufacture and sell products that can be potentially harmful to the consumer.Strict liability tort and negligent tort are similar but with strict liability the victim does not have to prove their negligence. In the case of the keyless entry the malfunction occurs when the car owner exits the car. At this time the car should automatically shut off after a certain period of time. However the car does not and the engine continues to run. The car owners often park their cars in garages that are not ventilated and do not hear the engine running. This malfunction of the car caused more than one case of carbon monoxide poisoning.One car manufacture states that they do offer additional warning about cutting the engine off and the consequences of not doing so. The car manufactures can be held liable for many different lawsuits not only from the families of the people who died but also from the survivors. Law expert. com defines negligence as â€Å"the failure to use ordinary care†. N egligence can occur when someone does not exercise the amount of care that a person would use under the circumstances or somebody does something that a reasonably careful person would not do under the circumstances.Automobiles accidents are often example of negligence. In order for an act to be considered negligent certain actions must be established. 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff. 2. The defendant violated that duty. 3. As a result of the defendant violation the plaintiff suffered injury. 4. The injury was a reasonable consequence of the defendant action or inaction. Law expert. com also provides an example of negligence. A person driving a car has a general duty to use the car in a safe and responsible manner. If that driver runs a red light, that diver violates that duty.As it is understood that running a red light can cause a car crash and that people are likely to be injured in such a collision, that in fact results to others in a collision resulting from the pe rson running the red light. Gross negligence means that contact or failure to act that is so reckless that it demonstrates a substantial lack of concern. For example a government employee on the job and an incident occurs because the employee is on the job they may be immune from liability for ordinary negligence but may remain liable for gross negligence.The second example with the bouncy house is an example of negligence and possible gross negligence. I think that the company that promotes and sets up the bounce houses should inform the customer of the possibility of the houses blowing away and not set them up in windy conditions. Also in states where proper restraints are not required they should be. Wind, weight, or a number of other factors can cause the bouncy house to take flight. I believe that it is reasonable to tie down the bouncy houses so that the customers are secure as possible.In states that do not require regulations they are leaving themselves open for gross neglig ence charges if an incident does occur. Almost every jurisdiction a person is responsible for all losses and damages that result from his or her negligence. With certain exceptions owners, people who handles pets, and people that harbor pets can be held responsible for injuries caused by their pet. Negligence is also defined as the lack or ordinary care. An example of an unreasonable action would be a dog owner letting go of his dogs leash when another dog approaches so that the dogs can play.An unreasonable action might be the failure to keep a dog away from guest when it is prone to play rough or knock people down. Negligence is also considered when an adult places a watchdog in the room with a sleeping infant. If a person fails to protect a visitor from a potentially dangerous pet this falls under the doctrine of premises liability. Landlords, landowners and management companies can be held liable and responsible to their tenants failing to get rid of a vicious animal. The final example with the ferret this is an example of negligence. Any animal has the potential to be vicious if it exposed to new people or feels threatened.So if the homeowners have company it is best to keep the ferret in a cage or in a room with the door closed to avoid possible injuries to their guest. If the pet owner follows all necessary precautions an incident occurs then they will not be liable for the incident if one occurs. References www. lawcornell. edu www. lawexpert. com www. lawinformationlive. com http://today. msnbc. msn. com/id/26184891/vp/41640372#41640372 http://today. msnbc. msn. com/id/26184891/vp/43292258#43292258 http://www. cnn. com/video/#/video/us/2011/01/11/dnt. ferret. attacks. infant. kctv? hpt=T2 Law 421 Week 3 Law 421| | David Tiffany UOP| Shalandrea Jones | October 29, 2012 | Torts are civil laws that are broken and are rules for lawsuits. When these rules are broken they can result in injury and harm this is usually the basis for the claim. Torts are punishable by imprisonment but in most cases tort law is to provide relief for damages and to stop others from doing the same thing. The injured party can sue for loss of earnings, pain and suffering, and medical expenses or present and future.Torts can fall under 3 categories intentional torts, negligent torts, and strict liability. Intentional torts include intentionally hitting someone, negligent torts causing a traffic accident, and strict liability, making and selling defective merchandise. Tort law also includes the areas of nuisance, defamation, invasion of privacy and economic torts. The first case deals with keyless entries that malfunction. This is an example of a strict liability this law a law applies to manufactures that manufacture and sell products that can be potentially harmful to the consumer.Strict liability tort and negligent tort are similar but with strict liability the victim does not have to prove their negligence. In the case of the keyless entry the malfunction occurs when the car owner exits the car. At this time the car should automatically shut off after a certain period of time. However the car does not and the engine continues to run. The car owners often park their cars in garages that are not ventilated and do not hear the engine running. This malfunction of the car caused more than one case of carbon monoxide poisoning.One car manufacture states that they do offer additional warning about cutting the engine off and the consequences of not doing so. The car manufactures can be held liable for many different lawsuits not only from the families of the people who died but also from the survivors. Law expert. com defines negligence as â€Å"the failure to use ordinary care†. N egligence can occur when someone does not exercise the amount of care that a person would use under the circumstances or somebody does something that a reasonably careful person would not do under the circumstances.Automobiles accidents are often example of negligence. In order for an act to be considered negligent certain actions must be established. 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff. 2. The defendant violated that duty. 3. As a result of the defendant violation the plaintiff suffered injury. 4. The injury was a reasonable consequence of the defendant action or inaction. Law expert. com also provides an example of negligence. A person driving a car has a general duty to use the car in a safe and responsible manner. If that driver runs a red light, that diver violates that duty.As it is understood that running a red light can cause a car crash and that people are likely to be injured in such a collision, that in fact results to others in a collision resulting from the pe rson running the red light. Gross negligence means that contact or failure to act that is so reckless that it demonstrates a substantial lack of concern. For example a government employee on the job and an incident occurs because the employee is on the job they may be immune from liability for ordinary negligence but may remain liable for gross negligence.The second example with the bouncy house is an example of negligence and possible gross negligence. I think that the company that promotes and sets up the bounce houses should inform the customer of the possibility of the houses blowing away and not set them up in windy conditions. Also in states where proper restraints are not required they should be. Wind, weight, or a number of other factors can cause the bouncy house to take flight. I believe that it is reasonable to tie down the bouncy houses so that the customers are secure as possible.In states that do not require regulations they are leaving themselves open for gross neglig ence charges if an incident does occur. Almost every jurisdiction a person is responsible for all losses and damages that result from his or her negligence. With certain exceptions owners, people who handles pets, and people that harbor pets can be held responsible for injuries caused by their pet. Negligence is also defined as the lack or ordinary care. An example of an unreasonable action would be a dog owner letting go of his dogs leash when another dog approaches so that the dogs can play.An unreasonable action might be the failure to keep a dog away from guest when it is prone to play rough or knock people down. Negligence is also considered when an adult places a watchdog in the room with a sleeping infant. If a person fails to protect a visitor from a potentially dangerous pet this falls under the doctrine of premises liability. Landlords, landowners and management companies can be held liable and responsible to their tenants failing to get rid of a vicious animal. The final example with the ferret this is an example of negligence. Any animal has the potential to be vicious if it exposed to new people or feels threatened.So if the homeowners have company it is best to keep the ferret in a cage or in a room with the door closed to avoid possible injuries to their guest. If the pet owner follows all necessary precautions an incident occurs then they will not be liable for the incident if one occurs. References www. lawcornell. edu www. lawexpert. com www. lawinformationlive. com http://today. msnbc. msn. com/id/26184891/vp/41640372#41640372 http://today. msnbc. msn. com/id/26184891/vp/43292258#43292258 http://www. cnn. com/video/#/video/us/2011/01/11/dnt. ferret. attacks. infant. kctv? hpt=T2

Examples Demonstrate Use of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish

Examples Demonstrate Use of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish The subjunctive mood can be daunting for English speakers learning Spanish - mostly because even though English has a subjunctive mood  we dont use its distinctive forms very often. Therefore, the subjunctive can often be learned best by studying examples of its use. What Is the Subjunctive Mood? Lets start with the basics: First of all, the mood (sometimes called the mode) of the verb expresses either the speakers attitude toward the verb or describes how it is used in a sentence. The most common mood, the indicative mood, is used to refer to what is real, to state facts, to make declarations. For example, the verb in Leo el libro (I am reading the book) is in the indicative mood. In contrast, the subjunctive mood is typically used in such a way that the verbs meaning relates to how the speaker feels about it. In the sentence Espero que està © feliz (I hope that she is happy), the second verb (està © or is) may or may not be reality; what is important here is the speakers attitude toward the second  half of the sentence. Examples of the Subjunctive Mood How the subjunctive is used can best be seen through examples of various uses. In these sample sentences, the Spanish verbs are all in the subjunctive mood, although the English verbs may not be: Quiero que no tengas frà ­o. (I want you to not be cold. Its irrelevant whether the person is cold or not. The sentence expresses a wish, not necessarily reality.)Siento que tengas frà ­o. (Im sorry you are cold. The sentence expresses the speakers emotions about a perceived reality. What is important in this sentence is the speakers feelings, not whether the other person is cold.)Te doy mi chaqueta para que no tengas frà ­o. (Im giving you my coat so you wont be cold. The sentence expresses the speakers intent, not necessarily reality.)Se permite que lleven chaquetas allà ­. (People are allowed to wear jackets there. The phrase expresses permission for an action to take place.)Di a ella que lleve una chaqueta. (Tell her to wear her jacket. This expresses a command or wish of the speaker.)Es preferible que ustedes no viajen maà ±ana a Londres. (It is preferable that you dont travel to London tomorrow. This subjunctive is often used in giving advice.)No hay nadie que tenga frà ­ o. (Nobody is cold. This is an expression of a negation of the action in a subordinate clause.) Tal vez tenga frà ­o. (Perhaps he is cold.) This is an expression of doubt.Si yo fuera un rico, tocarà ­a el violà ­n. (If I were a rich man, I would play the fiddle. This is an expression of a statement contrary to fact. Note that in this English translation, were is also in the subjunctive mood.) Example Sentences Contrasting Subjunctive and Indicative Moods These sentence pairs show show differences between the indicative and subjunctive. Note how in most of the examples the English verb form is the same in translating the two Spanish moods. Indicative: Es cierto que sale tarde. (It is definite that she is leaving late.)Subjunctive: Es imposible que salga tarde. Es probable que salga tarde. (It is impossible that she is leaving late. It is likely that she will leave late.)Explanation: In the indicative sentence, the early departure is presented as fact. In the others, it is not.) Indicative: Busco el carro barato que funciona. (Im looking for the cheap car that works.)Subjunctive: Busco un carro barato que funcione. (Im looking for a cheap car that works.)Explanation: In the first example, the speaker knows that there is a car that matches the description, so the indicative is used as an expression of reality. In the second example, there is doubt that such a car exists, so the subjunctive is used. Indicative: Creo que la visitante es Ana. (I believe the visitor is Ana.)Subjunctive: No creo que la visitante sea Ana. (I dont believe the visitor is Ana.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because the subordinate clause is negated by the main clause. Generally, the indicative is used with creer que or pensar que, while the subjunctive is used with no creer que or no pensar que. Indicative: Es obvio que tienes dinero. (It is obvious you have money.)Subjunctive: Es bueno que tengas dinero. (It is good you have money.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first example because it expresses reality or apparent reality. The subjunctive is used in the other example because the sentence is a reaction to the statement in the subordinate clause. Indicative: Habla bien porque es experto. (He speaks well because hes an expert.)Subjunctive: Habla bien como si fuera experto. (He speaks well as if he were expert.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because its irrelevant to the sentence whether hes an expert, although the sentence suggests that he isnt. Indicative: Quizs lo pueden hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (and Im sure of it.))Subjunctive: Quizs lo puedan hacer. (Perhaps they can do it (but I doubt it.))Explanation: In a sentence such as this, the subjunctive is used to emphasize uncertainty or doubt, the indicative to emphasize certainty. Note how the Spanish verb form is used to indicate an attitude that might need further explanation in English. Indicative: Hay polà ­ticos que tienen coraje. (There are politicians who have courage.)Subjunctive:  ¿Hay polà ­ticos que tengan coraje? (Are there politicians with courage?)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example to express doubt, and it is not clear that the subject of the sentence  exists in reality. Indicative: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funciona. (I will arrive even though my car isnt running.)Subjunctive: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funcione. (I will arrive even if my car isnt running.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because the speaker knows his car isnt working. In the second sentence, the speaker doesnt know whether it is running, so the subjunctive is used. Indicative: La pirmide se ha reconstruido por el gobierno provincial.. (The pyramid has been restored by the provincial government.)Subjunctive: Estoy feliz que la pirmide se haya reconstruido. (I am happy that the pyramid has been restored.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because it is a direct statement of fact. The main point of the second example is the speakers reaction to the event, so the subjunctive is used.) Indicative: Cuando ests conmigo se llena mi corazà ³n.  (When you are with me my heart is full.)Subjunctive: Cuando està ©s conmigo iremos por un helado. (When you are with me we will go for an ice cream.)Explanation: When the indicative is used with cuando in a sentence of the type in the first example, it refers to a recurring action. The use of the subjunctive in the second example indicates that the event has yet to take place. A note about English use of the subjunctive The subjunctive was once used in English more than it is today, and today it is used more frequently in formal speech than in everyday use. Cases where it is still used in English might help you remember some of the instances where it is used in Spanish. Contrary-to-fact condition: If I were the president, Id keep us out of war.Expression of a desire: I would like it if he were my father.Expressions of request or advice: I insist that he go. We recommended that he fill out the form. In all the above cases, a straightforward translation to Spanish would likely use the subjunctive mood. But remember that there are numerous instances where the subjunctive is used in Spanish where we make no distinction in English.

Protect and Preserve Family Heirlooms, Antiques and Treasures

Protect and Preserve Family Heirlooms, Antiques and Treasures Family treasures link generations in a deep, personal way. Anyone who has seen their great-grandmothers baptismal gown, grandfathers wallet, or a photo of a relative going off to war knows how moving these pieces of history can be. These treasured items, passed down from generation to generation, provide insight into the lives of our ancestors and a richer understanding of our familys history. Sometimes these treasured family items make the journey from one generation to the next, but the stories that help give meaning to these treasures may not survive the trip. Ask family members to share with you their memories of each treasured family heirloom, such as the name of the original owner, how it was used in the family, or remembered stories connected to each item. Check with your local library or historical society, or browse the internet, for information on historic decor, furnishings, clothing, and other artifacts to help you learn more about the history of your family heirlooms and how to protect them. Family heirlooms are a great treasure, but can be easily damaged by light, heat, humidity, pests, and handling. Here are a few basic things you can do to preserve these heirlooms for future generations: Display or store your treasures in a stable, clean environment Filtered air, a temperature of 72 ° F or below, and humidity between 45 and 55 percent are ideal goals. If you feel that you must display fragile items, then try to avoid dampness, too much heat, and dramatic changes in temperature and humidity. If you feel comfortable, your treasures probably will too. Location, location, location! Display and store your family heirlooms away from heat sources, outside walls, basements, and attics. Write it down All objects deteriorate over time, so start caring for them now. Make sure to identify, photograph, and maintain records of your treasures. Describe the history and condition of each object; note who made, purchased, or used it; and relate what it means to your family. Shun the light Sunlight and fluorescent light fade and discolor most treasures, and are especially dangerous to fabrics, paper, and photographs. On the other hand, heirlooms stored away in a box bring much less enjoyment! If you choose to frame or display family treasures, place them on or near walls that get the least amount of sun. Framed photographs or textiles  may also benefit from having ultraviolet light-filtering glass. Rotate items between display and storage to provide a rest from exposure and prolong their life. Watch out for pests Holes in furniture or textiles, wood shavings, and tiny droppings are all evidence of bug or rodent visitation. Consult a conservator if you spot trouble. Heirloom allergies Historic objects can be harmed by a variety of items including abrasive cleaners; dry-cleaners bags; glues, adhesive tapes, and labels; pins, staples, and paper clips; acidic wood, cardboard, or paper; and pens and markers. Even if it is broken, think twice before you fix it! A smudged painting, torn photograph, or broken vase may seem easy to fix. They arent. Well-intended amateur repairs often do more harm than good. Consult a conservator for advice on valued items. If an item is especially precious, sometimes there is no substitute for expert help. Professional conservators understand what causes the deterioration of many different materials, and how to slow or prevent it. They master their subject through years of apprenticeship, university programs, or both, and usually have a specialty, such as paintings, jewelry, or books. A local museum, library, or historical society may know where to find conservators in your area and can offer other advice on preserving your treasured family heirlooms.

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 - Essay Example Americans have had many successes in this regard, having been responsible, in most cases, in being able to effect the deposing of regimes and rulers through various means, among then covert acts to achieve their ends, and making use of a wide array of figures in public American life, including business people, spies, government people, politicians, and military leaders. Tracing the history of American action, Kinzer notes that American action goes back to the deposing of the Hawaiian monarchy, and the actions that led to the effective annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba during the so-called Spanish-American War. These initial successes led to the emboldening of the American effort and the extension of is interventions southwards of the American continent, making use of its intervention powers to depose the leaders of Honduras and Nicaragua via successful coup detats. When the Cold War with the Soviet Union kicked into high gear, on the other hand, American interventio ns in country affairs took on the flavor of an ideological and power struggle to one-up the Communist enemy in a global power struggle, with the United States identified as instigating the collapse of Chilean, Iranian and Guatemalan democratic institutions on the one hand, and the downfall of the president of South Vietnam in a successful assassination effort. Post Cold War, the US has been identified as having played a big hand in overthrowing existing regimes in Iraq, Grenada, Afghanistan, and Panama via invasion exercises (Kinzer 2006). Tactical differences in the interventions of the United States in general and the Central Intelligence Agency in particular during the Imperial Era and during the Cold War Era involved either instigating and leading regime change wholesale, or in providing ammunition either financially or materially or both, to existing rebellions and underground anti-establishment groups to foment dissent and catapult the dissenting parties to power, at the

Amazon Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amazon Business Strategy - Essay Example Amazon.com targets three main audiences for its services. First, the company targets those consumers that value low prices, convenience, and a wide selection. The second target of Amazon.com is those sellers, who wish to make their sales through the Amazon.com platform, using the company’s infrastructure. Additionally, Amazon.com targets the enterprises, which wish to outsource technical capabilities to Amazon.com. In this case, therefore, the business it can be deduced that Amazon.com has three major business models for each category of its target customers (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). Amazon.com has a distinct business strategy, which has helped it to maintain the top position among the online retailers today. However, over the years, the company has adjusted its business model in order to increase its level of competitiveness in the market. Since the year 2007 to 2009, Amazon.com has adopted new aspects in its strategy, which have contributed to its sustained succ ess in the market. Therefore, the company introduced new business units, which it deemed relevant to its customers, and which it considered were capable of increasing company productivity and customer satisfaction. When Amazon.com was founded, the aspect of growth was core to its business strategy. Nonetheless, the company seems to have upheld the concept of growth, as seen in the further advancement and development of its business strategy. Today, there are different new business units that were adopted by Amazon.com and integrated in its business strategy between 2007 and early 2009 and these are still important to the company, as they have considerably led to a boost in the company’s productivity. First, in the year 2008, Amazon.com increased the number of its fulfillment centers. A major addition to the existent fulfillment centers was developed in Hazleton, PA, while another one was established in Arizona (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). This move by Amazon.com to add more fulfillment centers would benefit the company in various ways. Most importantly is that Amazon.com would be able to serve more customers, since the increased number of fulfillment centers increased the capacity of commodities, which the company could store for shipment to customers. Additionally, Amazon.com in 2008 launched the â€Å"Frustration-Free Packaging† (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). This kind of packaging reduces the overall amount of packaging materials used. This is advantageous to both the company and its consumers. To the company, this initiative saves costs, as less material is used for packaging. On the other hand, this makes the customers of Amazon.com to experience a great shopping experience. The frustration-free packaging is designed to be opened easily without a knife or struggles, while protecting the products inside, thus reducing customers’ wrap rage. Additionally, this packaging is recyclable. This initiative has been widely wel comed by most Amazon.com customers. This therefore, boosts customer loyalty to the company, which is paramount for increased company success. Technology is another core strategy, which Amazon.co has continually embraced. Between 2007 and 2009, Amazon.com has enhanced its technology levels by introducing new technological business aspects. First, in 2007, Amazon.com developed Kindle; an e-book reader device,

Leader that Influence Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leader that Influence Me - Essay Example In short, without the presence of these role models, the lives of many people would totally be different. Â   My social studies teacher, Mrs. Catalina Mors, had a massive impact on my life. In my opinion, she is one of the friendliest people I have met in my entire life. I met her in my first year in high school, a time when my life was almost split into microscopic pieces. Having come from a broken family, I felt that being in high school was a way that my mother had invented to do away with me. I felt that no one cared if I existed or not and thought that I had no role to play in the world rang in my mind every second of my existence. Mrs. Catalina, I have learnt to call her Mrs. Memento, for her reminding me of good things in life, has been of great assistance to me. From her comforting words that gave me hope in life, I managed to come out of my depression and learn to accept sever situations in life. I relate my high self esteem from her counseling sessions that I went unconsciously every afternoon. At times, I would find my self in her company for over two hours with no complaints that her working day was over. Apart from being polite and well refined, Mrs. Catalina acted as a role model to many. Her code of conduct had no traces of ‘stains’ that some her age mate colleagues had. Being 23 years old and a teacher of boys, it is thought that younger teachers- beautiful like her- face numerous challenges in their careers. Some are even forced to jeopardize their careers, for failure to handle challenging situations in their job. Mrs. Catalina gained first-rate praise from all students, majority of whom, wanted to have a mature and reasonable life like hers. In my case, Mrs. Catalina has assisted me in making tangible decisions in life and focus on the future regardless of the situation at hand. I am able to deal with parents’ divorce with the

Analysis of the UK Banking System

Analysis of the UK Banking System A strong and efficient Banking system is a key to progress in a country.To achieve an efficient a banking system one should analyze the internal and external factors of that country. For this issue I have chosen ENGLAND banking system to know its internal and external factors faced by its banks? what kinds of banks are operating in uk?,what kinds of activities are performed by them?what are the sources of finance in uk?what is the evolution of banking in uk?what is the role of central bank in uk?etc First of all a question raise in our mind what is meant by system?System is an integrated collection of different part of a body which performed specific function for example banking system of uk it has many banks in parts which perform different functions like commercial banking,investment banking,specialized banking and central bank collectively known as banking system of uk.In uk banking system it has a central bank which is Bank of England .IT is the head of all the banks it control and regulate the affair of all schedule banks like HSBC, Barclay Bank and ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND all these banks deals in day to day functions of receiving deposits and advancing finances to the public.Banking system stability depend upon the external factors such as saving ,national income,industrial growth and development,government policies and internal factors such as bank ability to channel the deposit safely to the borrowers normally industrial sector. Benefits of a strong banking system in uk is that it will channelize the idle funds from the hands of depositor to the one who required such finances to invest It in that place which is useful for the development of the uk.Strong banking system of uk is playing an important role in increasing the saving of the people by providing incentives by giving them attractive interest rates.The banking system of uk is also helpful for the creation of new industries by providing finances to the industrial sector.The banking system of uk is also providing finances for the promotion of trade and commerce. Banks provide finance to the industry and the public as well and charge interest on it and earn profit for the bank.A question comes in our mind are banks main finance provider for the industry externally or other sector contribute in it the most.i have gone through an article of colin mayer.in this article he compare the investment activities and sources of getting the finance in venture capital in some countries like uk, germany japan and other countries he concluded that the souces of funds and investment differ in different countries due to financial system,economic condition, geographical factors and sectors difference.For example the amount of fund required in germany and japan are mainly cover from banks,corporation sources in Israel and pension funds sources in UK. Sources of finance analysis In ENGLAND 44% OF THE FINANCES ARE COVER FROM BANKS BUT MAIN SOUCE IS PENSION FUNDS WHICH SHOWS 49% FINANCIAL SOURCING MEAN IN INDUSTRY. Following data displays the sources of external finance for the industry in the four diferrent countries,showed some important facts. In Germany, banks provide the main source of finance for the VC industry, and pension funds. By contrast, in the ENGLAND pension funds provide the main source of finance for the VC industry, other institutional investors, and individual investors PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FINACEING THE INDUSTRY OF MANY COUNTRIES as many companies as banks. Contrary to popular views, government atorities also play an important role for (typically local authority) funding plays a more important role in the United Kingdom than it does in Germany, and is negligible in the other countries. Table 1. Sources of external funds for the VC industry This table reports sources of funds of VC firms in Germany, Israel, Japan and the United Kingdom based on binary and not mutually exclusive responses to a question of whether or not a particular fund uses a certain source. Panel A displays the proportion of funds that report using a given source. Panel B displays the percentage of funds using one, two, three, or four or more sources. Mean values which are statistically different from those of the United Kingdom at the 10% level. Mean values which are statistically different from those of the United Kingdom at the 5% level. Sources of funds for the Israeli VC are banks from the above figure it is shown, with industrial corporations (typically from the United States) being the single most popular source of funds. In Japan, non banking financial institutions (e.g., securities firms, credit card or leasing companies and mortgage institutions) are the single most important category of finance among Japanese funds, followed by banks and insurance companies.9 It is quite common in Japan for the owners/providers of finance for Japanese VC funds to be all affiliated with the same bank-centered corporate group, or to be otherwise related to each other. In over half of the Japanese funds in our sample, at least three of the five largest shareholder providers of finance are related to each other or affiliated with the same group. VC funds in Germany tend on average to use fewer sources of funds than do VCs in other countries (Table 1, Panel B). By contrast, funds in Israel, Japan and the United Kingdom tend to use many sources of finance; in particular, about a third of the UK funds report using at least four different sources.10 Relying exclusively on bank finance is also very common in Germany: over 60% of the VC funds that raise money from banks use this source exclusively; the corresponding figure for the United Kingdom is about one-third, and for Israel about one-fifth. Surprisingly, despite the typical characterization of the Japanese economy as bank dominated (like Germany), only one-seventh of the Japanese VC funds in our sample rely exclusively on bank finance. EVOLUTION OF BANKING IN UK AND ITS DEVELOPMENT STAGES : The birth of modern UK Banks Strange as it may seem, UK banking can trace its origins back to the days of the Roman conquest. During the period of the Roman conquest of Britain, Romans conducted two forms of banking business: one, called argentarii, of a professional nature; the other, called feneratores, of an amateur nature run by the elite nobles of the Roman Empire. What was said to characterise this institution was the two-fold service of (a) receiving deposits and (b) advancing credit. Modern UK banks evolved in the 1530s., it was not really until approximately 400 years ago, during the mid-1600s, that London really started to make its position as a financial backbone of importance when goldsmith bankers started to emerge, following King Charles I seizure of gold deposited in the Tower of London and the English Civil War, as a safe-haven (away from the clutching arms of the Crown!) for the gentry and aristocracy to deposit their money and valuables. Shortly after this period (circa. 1677), there were a recorded 44 goldsmith bankers in London acting as keepers of running cash who ran their business on a personal liability basis. However, strict legal controls on how big goldsmith bankers could become (because of the strict personal liability basis), together with poor transportation and communication, combined to restrict the growth of these i nto national UK banks [evidenced of this can be seen in the fact that in 1784 the total number of UK banks exceed 100; but only 7 had more than one office]. The wind of change Following a number of prominent UK bank collapses in the early 1820s, parliament finally relaxed the laws governing who could own banks to allow for joint stock banking (1826) [A notable exception to this was the establishment of the Bank of England as a joint stock bank some 200 years before this legislation]. Importantly, joint stock banking allowed the owners of UK banks to spread the risk among a number of proprietors. This, combined with the Industrial Revolution, better transportation and faster means of communication all resulted in a growth of more national banks in the UK. Prominent among these was the foundation, in 1833, of the National Provincial Bank of England (later to become National Westminster Bank NatWest), the first UK bank established with the specific agenda of being a national bank. Although UK banks began to expand nationally during this period, the services they (did and could) offered did not. Consequently, it was also around this time that another division in UK banks began to emerge; namely the formation of the Big Three banking sectors: Clearing High Street Banks even as recently as 1900 there were a reported 250 private and joint stock banks operating in the UK; Merchant Banks; and Other financial institutions; such as Building Societies which came into being following 1874 legislation The Bank of England founded in 1694 to act as the Governments banker and debt-manager. Since then its role has developed and evolved, centred on the management of the nations currency and its position at the centre of the UKs financial system. The history of the Bank is very interesting one. Events and circumstances over the last three hundred or so years have change and influenced the role and responsibilities of the Bank. They have adopted the culture and traditions, as well as the expertise, of the Bank which are relevant to its reputation and effectiveness and responsibilities a central bank in the early years of the 21st century.The history of the Bank passed different situation and circumstances of to the economic and financial history, political history, of the United Kingdom. If you want to get closer to the Banks history and are visiting London, the Banks Museum provides a unique insight into the history of the Bank and its business, alongside a great deal of material about the Bank today. Key moments in the Banks history a brief guide King William Queen Mary When William and Mary came in 1688, public finances were not strong. The system of money deposit and advancing it(credit) was in not working efficiently. At that time a national bank was needed to mobilize the saving and investment,the nations resources. MR Willium Peterson William Paterson proposed a loan of  £1,200,000 to the Government. In return the subscribers would be able to incorporate the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The Royal Charter The money was raised in a some weeks and the Royal Charter was sealed on 27th July 1694. The Banking started life as the Governments banker and debt-manager, with 17 clerks and 2 gatekeepers. In 1734 the Bank moved to Thread-needle Street, gradually acquiring land and premises to create the site seen today. Commercial functions of the banks The Bank managed the accounts of that time Governments and made loans available to finance spending at times of peace and war. A commercial bank took deposits and issued notes. The 18th Century During the 18th Century the Government borrowed more and more money. These outstanding loans were called the National Debt. 1781: renewal of the Banks Charter Dependency on the Bank of England was such that when its charter was renewed in 1781 it was define as the public ex chequer. The bankers bank By now the Bank was acting as the bankers bank too. It was liable to fail if all its depositors decided to withdraw their money at the same time. But the Bank made sure it kept enough gold to pay its notes on demand. The Restriction Period By 1797 war with France had drained the gold reserves. The Government prohibited the Bank from paying claims of its notes in gold. This Restriction Period lasted until 1821. The 19th Century The 1844 Bank Charter Act tied the note issue to the Banks gold reserves. The Bank was required to keep the accounts of the note issue separate from those of its banking operations and produce a weekly summary of both accounts. The Bank Return, as its called, is still published every week. Lender of last resort In the 19th Century the Bank took on the role of lender of last resort, providing stability during several financial crises. The First World War: 1914-18 During the First World War the National Debt jumped to  £7 billion. The Bank helped manage Government borrowing and resist inflationary pressures. Gold In 1931 the United Kingdom left the gold standard; its gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to the Treasury. But their management was still handled by the Bank and this remains the case today. Nationalisation 1946 After the Second World War the bank was nationalised. It remained the Treasurys adviser, agent and debt manager. Financial crises During the 1970s, the Bank played a key role during several banking crises. The Bank was at the fore when monetary policy again became a central part of Government policy in the 1980s. Operational independence May 1997 In May 1997 the Government gave the Bank responsibility for setting interest rates to meet the Governments stated inflation target. The was enshrined in the 1998 Bank of England Act. Managing the modern bank The Banks governing body, the Court of Directors, as its known, is made up of the Banks Governor and 2 Deputy Governors, and 9 Non-Executive Directors (under the Banking Act 2009 There are different kinds of banks which are working in different parts of the world main banks are as follows all these banks are specialize in performing speacialized functions of banks.on the basis of different types of functions we have the following bank Bank of England is the central bank of England perform fuctions of monetory policy,fiscal policy.issue of notes,bankers banks,lender of last resort to other banks Alliance HYPERLINK http://www.alliance-leicester-group.co.uk/HYPERLINK http://www.alliance-leicester-group.co.uk/ Leicester plc Based in the UK, provides personal and business customers a comprehensive range of mortgage, investment, personal banking and insurance products, cash transmission services and corporate banking facilities. BankHYPERLINK http://www.bank-of-ireland.co.uk/ of Ireland Personal and business banking in Britain. British HYPERLINK http://www.bankfacts.org.uk/BankersHYPERLINK http://www.bankfacts.org.uk/ Association Principal representative body for banks active in the UK, with over 300 member banks from more than 60 countries. HSBC Midland HYPERLINK http://www.banking.hsbc.co.uk/Bank Personal and business banking division of HSBC. BankHYPERLINK http://www.bankofireland.co.uk/ of Ireland Northern Ireland Bank that provides private and corporate services worldwide. BankHYPERLINK http://www.bankofscotland.co.uk/ of Scotland Financial institution that provides personal banking, small-business banking and corporate services. Barclays Bank offers personal banking, student banking and international corporate banking. Bermuda Monetary Authority Responsible for the licensing of banks, deposit companies and investment businesses. Bradford HYPERLINK http://www.bradford-bingley-int.co.im/HYPERLINK http://www.bradford-bingley-int.co.im/ Bingley International Subsidiary of Bradford Bingley Building Society, a savings and loan bank. Bristol HYPERLINK http://www.bristol-west.co.uk/HYPERLINK http://www.bristol-west.co.uk/ West Specialists in mortgages, savings and investments. Cheltenham HYPERLINK http://www.cheltglos.co.uk/HYPERLINK http://www.cheltglos.co.uk/ Gloucester Provides mortgages, investments, savings and loans. HSBC Investment HYPERLINK http://www.cibm.hsbc.com/hsbcBank Provides the advisory and financing, equity securities, asset management, private banking and trustee, foreign exchange and capital markets trading, debt funding and treasury activities of the HSBC Group. Citibank UK Provides personal banking in the UK. Co-operative HYPERLINK http://www.co-operativebank.co.uk/Bank Provides banking services including Internet banking. BankNet Provides on-line Banking Service. A joint venture between MarketNet and Secure Trust Bank PLC. Coutts Group International private banking arm of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group offering investment, fiduciary and banking products. First Direct Member HSBC Group. Halifax Financial institution that provides personal financial services including mortgages, long-term savings accounts, home, motor and creditor insurance, retail banking, consumer credit and share dealing. Hamilton Direct HYPERLINK http://www.hdb.co.uk/Bank Division of HFC Bank PLC which provides unsecured personal loans and credit card products in the UK. Julian Hodge HYPERLINK http://www.jhb.co.uk/BankHYPERLINK http://www.jhb.co.uk/ Group Banking and financial services group owned by the Carlyle Trust. Legal HYPERLINK http://www.landg.com/HYPERLINK http://www.landg.com/ General Assurance Society Insurance company offering financial products including mortgage, investment, savings and home, life and health insurance. Leeds City Credit Union Financial cooperative offering savings and loans products to employees of selected employers in the Leeds area. Lloyds HYPERLINK http://www.lloydstsb.com/homepage/0,1001,general,00.htmlBank Financial institution that provides personal banking, small-business banking and corporate services. Lombard Financial institution that provides personal banking, small-business banking and corporate services. National Savings HYPERLINK http://www.nationalsavings.co.uk/HYPERLINK http://www.nationalsavings.co.uk/ Investments One of the largest savings organisation in the UK that offers savings and investment products guaranteed by the Government to personal savers and investors while contributing towards the Governments funding needs. NatWest Financial institution that provides personal banking, small-business banking and corporate services. Northern Rock Bank that offers savings accounts, deposit accounts, residential mortgages, investment mortgages and offshore savings accounts. Prudential Provider of portfolio management services, financial advice, mortgages and personal loans. Royal HYPERLINK http://www.rbos.co.uk/BankHYPERLINK http://www.rbos.co.uk/ of Scotland Bank specializes in corporate, private and offshore banking, as well as retail banking and private motor insurance. Scotiabank Group International Canadian banking group that provides retail, commercial, corporate, investment and international banking services to customers around the globe. Smile Internet bank, part of the Co-operative Bank PLC. Standard HYPERLINK http://www.standardbank.com/BankHYPERLINK http://www.standardbank.com/ London International merchant bank of the Standard Bank Group that offers specialist banking services and promotes trade, investment and business flows with an emerging market focus on a worldwide basis. Standard Chartered HYPERLINK http://www.standardchartered.com/Bank International commercial banking group providing consumer, corporate and institutional banking and treasury products and services with a focus on emerging markets in Asia, the sub-continent, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Standard Life HYPERLINK http://www.standardlifebank.com/Bank Subsidiary of The Standard Life Assurance Company that provides mortgages, savings and online banking. Triodos HYPERLINK http://www.triodos.co.uk/Bank UK branch of the Dutch trust bank that offers savings accounts and investments products financing projects with social and environmental benefits. Virgin Direct Personal Financial Service Ltd. Bank that offers savings accounts, deposit accounts, residential mortgages, investment mortgages and offshore savings accounts. Woolwich Financial services organization that provides mortgages, loans, investments, banking and insurance products and services. LIST OF BANKS OF ALL THE BANKS IN ENGLAND OPERATING TILL 2010 Uk major banks THERE ARE 116 BANKS OPERATE IN UK ACCORDING TO FSA website There are three types of banks, High Street Banks, Building Societies, and  Direct Banks. High Street Banks are the main banks, such as Royal Bank of  Scotland, HSBC, NatWest, Citibank, and Barclays. Building Societies such as  Woolich, Abbey National, and Halifax were created for those who wanted to  save in order to buy a house and offer pretty much the same services as the  other banks. Direct Banks such as Co-op (Smile.co.uk) and First Direct  dont have branches, but you can bank at First Direct at the Post Office  and Co-op bank at their grocery outlets. They are telephone banks which  have grown in popularity over the last few years Different Types of Banks * High Street Banks and Building Societies High Street banks and building societies are commercial banking businesses  whose primary market is consumer finance. These are the most common banks  you will encounter. * Investment Banks An investment bank is a financial company, securities firm or brokerage  house that purchases new issues of securities from private corporations and  offers them to their clients. They form a syndicate in order to sell these  securities to their customers and the general public. * Private Banks Private Banks typically provide a more personal and customised set of  services than high street banks. Marketed to individuals with large incomes  or high personal wealth, opening a private bank account usually requires a  very large minimum deposit. * Online-Only Banks Online-only banks offer the same services as traditional High Street banks  or building societies through electronic banking and the Internet. They  normally do not have branches for their clients to use. Besides online-only  banks however, a number of High Street banks also offer online services. The banking system in the UK is highly concentrated with the top 10 banks having over 90% of market share.

A Motherly Role-the Joy Luck C :: essays research papers

A Motherly Role   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A reoccurring theme in Amy Tan’s novels is mother-daughter relationships. In each of her three novels she represents different roles of the mother and the effects of each; The Joy Luck Club depicts mothers living through daughters, The Kitchen God’s Wife portrays mother teaching daughter through past experience, and finally The Hundred Secret Senses displays non-existence of the mother in the relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This excerpt from The Joy Luck Club shows what kinds of things, from real accomplishments to the uncontrollable features of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends and arch-enemies who spent a lifetime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparing their children. I was one month older than Waverly Jong, Auntie Lin’s prized   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  daughter. From the time we were babies, our mothers compared the creases in our belly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buttons, how shapely our earlobes were, how fast we healed after we scraped our knees,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how thick and dark our hair was, how many shoes we wore out in one year, and later,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how smart Waverly was at playing chess, how many trophies she had won last month,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how many cites she had visited† (27).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jing-Mei, the piano player in The Joy Luck Club, felt the most pressure from her mother, because her mother had to follow behind the word of the prodigy in town. ‘â€Å"Of course you can be a prodigy, too ’† Jing-Mei’s mother, Suyuan, tells her after receiving the news of Waverly, the chess prodigy (141). The expectations for Jing-Mei have heighten now that her mother’s friend’s daughter has been held in such a spotlight, as to be called a prodigy. Suyuan takes it upon herself to make her daughter rise above the accomplishments of her peers, and prove to the mothers their family is high in the running competition, whether Jing-Mei approves or disapproves. Suyuan decides that with piano lessons she and her daughter will rise above Lindo and Waverly. Jing-Mei only sees tedious lessons and hours of practice, but her mother envisions proudly sharing success stories between friends, comparing and convincing other mothers that he r daughter, Jing-Mei, was indeed the best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every detail and aspect of their lives were picked out an compared and for the one daughter that lost these comparisons, a lowered self-image was the result. Jing-Mei never believed in herself, because she felt, since her childhood, she had failed her mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the years that followed, I failed her so many times, each time asserting my own will,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  my right to fall short of expectations.

Developments in Management and Organizational Thinking

Strategy has been defined as â€Å"the pattern of organizational moves and managerial approaches used to attain organizational objectives and to pursue the organization's mission† (Thompson and Strickland, 1990). Current models of strategic management can be traced to the way in which strategy it was defined and applied to business (Chandler, 1962): â€Å"the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals.†Chandler identified two parts of the strategic process, formulation and implementation, known as strategic management. Thus, strategy refers to the means a firm uses to attain its ends. Fundamental to every firm's mission and competitive strategy is its value strategy. Generically, a value strategy is the pattern of decisions and actions that comprise the firm's overall approach toward providing realizable net value to customers. A value strategy intrinsically involves all parts of a firm's functional and organizational strategies that give value realized by customers or need sacrifices by customers.As due to excessive competition, firms must have a value strategy that must have completely conceptualized and obviously articulated value as the basis for competing. In fact, numerous firms are more competitor-oriented than customer-oriented. Consequently, many managers are more well-known with their firm's competitive strategy than its strategy for improving customer value. Several inadvertently compromise net customer value either by producing products/services supposed to be of low quality or by requiring exceptionally high sacrifices of customers.Paradoxically, the most competitive firms are the customer- oriented, not the competitor-oriented firms. Customer-oriented firms are virtually driven by value-based strategies. Given a defined set of value expectations, a value-based strategy is that pattern of decisi ons and actions in which managers take accountability for: (1) delivering products/services that provide best net value, and (2) creating strategic suprasystems to develop that value and satisfy the obligations of the enterprise.Most basically, value-based strategies are customer oriented; business-level strategies aimed at giving best net value. Value-based strategy should not be confused with generic strategy. The basic generic strategies of low cost, differentiation, and focus (Porter, 1980) are the three most extreme examples of producer based, value-added strategies (Porter, 1985), but they are not customer value-based strategies. Each of the three is more competitor-oriented than customer-oriented. Each strategy can be pursued with no assertion of providing best net value.While low cost and differentiation are typically seen as mutually exclusive (Porter, 1985), a value-based strategy may need and achieve both. Since many customers now count time rather than dollar cost as the ir most precious asset, a high-quality strategy gives little competitive advantage unless it is paired with low cost (i. e. , low price and/or sacrifice reduction). Similarly, low-cost/price strategies can also fail if they are not complemented with quality supposed to be of sufficient value.The synergistic combination of low cost and differentiation that can come with a value-based strategy is a direct effect of managing critical systems that put in to value. As the globalizing world is shifting the nature and needs of organizations by requiring them to be more quickly responsive to developing circumstances. The corporate planners of the 1960s and 1970s were much concerned with issues such as the market and macroeconomic environment, the product portfolio, and the product life cycle. All of these underline characteristics of industry or sector and market.They leaned to underplay the role of competitors and competitive behavior in influencing outcomes (Ghoshal and Westrey 1993). cer tainly, it is still common to see plans which base output growth on forecasts of the market, or to view industries in which each individual firm extrapolates its own experience to give generally results which everyone knows are inept of realization. Having reviewed the business environment and its competitive position, the firm should go on to make its strategy rather go for old strategy.The rationalist school sees the definition of the objectives of the firm as the key constituent in strategy formulation. That view, which owes much to the continuing influence of Drucker on management thinking, is in itself comparatively uncontroversial, but the subject of substantial operational difficulty. There are two distinct historical phases in the development of thought on corporate strategy. Until the early 1980s, the primary aim of corporate strategy was the formation of a diversified business portfolio.Such a portfolio might include related diversification–motivated by synergy betw een old and new businesses and unrelated diversification supported by portfolio planning techniques. But by the early 1980s, evidence had accrued that unrelated diversification added little value and several of the conglomerates created in these earlier decades had succumbed to financial pressures. In using old strategies by formulating new ways led firms to focus on the critical importance of market share.Emphasis on competitive issues, the choice market position was seen as a central element in strategic decision-making. Quality, it was professed, had been a key ingredient in Japanese success. Over time most markets moved up the quality spectrum. With the aid of phrases such as ‘quality is free' (Crosby, 1979) ‘total quality management' became a preoccupation of the later 1980s. Many authors offered taxonomies of generic strategies–checklists from which corporations could choose the majority relevant objectives for particular markets.One early list was proposed by Ansoff (1965), who recognized market penetration, product development, market development, and diversification as alternative strategic objectives. The Boston Consulting Group's alternatives are invest, hold, harvest, divest, and Arthur D. Little offers a list of no less than twenty-four strategic options (Jackson, Hitt, DeNisi, 2003). Porter (1980) taxonomy of generic strategies proved particularly influential. Porter's (1980) ‘five forces'–of competition, entry, substitution, suppliers, and customers–offered a more comprehensive checklist of environmental factors (Porter, 1980).Moreover, In Porter's framework there are two dimensions of choice. Firms can trail either cost leadership–the same product as competitors but at lower cost–or differentiation. They can range hardly, or broadly, thus generating a range of alternatives encompassing cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Today, a debate on the content of the corporate mission is a wi despread starting-point for a discussion of strategy. Such a statement can cover objectives in both corporate and business strategy.The mission statement is planned to provide a link between the broad objectives of the firm (which may focus exclusively on profit maximization, or may state concern for other stakeholders) and its specific commercial activities. A rather diverse critique of these processes of rationalist strategy formulation–yet one still very much within the rationalist framework–is given by the shareholder value movement. As with numerous shifts in thinking about strategy, this is found more or less simultaneously in the thinking of practitioners and the writings of business school academics.American business was stunned by the emergence of a group of corporate raiders. Figures like T. Boone Pickens and the partners of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, with little in the way of resources of their own, but with the aid of the ‘junk bond' financing pioneered by Michael Milken, could make convincing bids for some of the largest corporations in the United States. This threat to incumbent managers led to apprehensive re-emphasis on major companies' concerns for ‘shareholder value'.Academics (Day, Georges, and Robin Wensley 1988) were led to explicate and justify it, providing both a critique of accounting earnings as a focus of corporate attention and a rationale of the public benefits of restricted focus on the interests of shareholders. The most significant practical consequence of this activity was to give further impulsion to the break-up of conglomerate firms. The grouping of discrete businesses tended, it was argued, to conceal the potential strategic value of individual mechanism to specific purchasers.That message for corporate strategy was obvious, but for business strategy shareholder value had few clear implications. Proponents stressed the need to evaluate investment and acquisitions by reference to their probable cash f lows–but this is a theme familiar from every elementary text in corporate finance–and texts on strategy in a shareholder value framework (Weinrauch, Donald 1986) do no more than juxtapose Rappaport's critique with Porter's taxonomies of competitive forces and generic strategies.The new way of this strategy spectrum is that the state of the art in rationalist strategy can entail the formulation of a statement of company objectives, often summarized in a ‘mission statement' and encompassing both corporate strategic objectives-what sort of business are we in–with business strategic objectives-expressed in terms of plans for market share, product quality, and geographical scope. It is not astounding that attention is moving from the problems of formulating strategy to issues of implementation.The idea that successful strategies are often opportunistic and adaptive, rather than calculated and planned, is a view as old as the subject of business strategy itself. The adaptive strategies of reacting to the seasonal fluctuations of demand are actually important. The operations manager should try to accommodate whatever seasonality remains as cheaply as possible. Each type of adaptive strategy will acquire costs beyond what the company could achieve if demand were smooth.Thus, it is up to the operations manager to get the strategy or mix of strategies that will diminish this extra cost. One strategy for accepting the seasonal demands is just to ignore them and to produce at a constant rate throughout the year. By maintaining a balanced labor force, the company will help to sustain good relations with organized labor and will also ease the burdens of the personnel department. At the same time, short-term production planning and supervisory loads will be reduced as compared to a continually changing schedule. These effects will show up as real cost savings.On the other hand, maintaining a constant production in the face of fluctuating demands me ans that these fluctuations should be absorbed by inventory. That is, when demands are low, inventory stock will build up. As demands increase, inventories will be used up and can even run into a stock out or back order situation. Large buildups of inventory can sprain building capacities and can cause significant extra costs. But it is clear that there are costs associated with physically storing and handling inventory, as well as the more restrained opportunity costs of holding inventory.At the same time, there are costs linked with running out of inventory. While difficult to measure, the costs linked with dissatisfied customers, extra paperwork on back orders, and the interruption of schedules for catch-up work are quite real. The opposite approach would be to try to match the fluctuating demand by changeable production. There are numerous ways a company might do this. Probably the least disruptive would be for the workers to work overtime throughout heavy demand periods.In some situations workers can be eager to earn extra money; in others they may prefer not to work any overtime. If the company is unionized, the union can have the power to help determine the amount of overtime allowable. In any case, if a company uses an overtime strategy, it will have to pay an overtime bonus, and productivity can not be as good as usual because of such factors as fatigue. Similarly, in several operations systems it may be possible to work under time (shorter work weeks or forced unpaid vacations) when demand is lower.However, most workers would oppose having to work less and receive less pay. Some might quit in order finding steadier work. Another method of varying production would be hiring and lying off workers as desired. Here again, though, there are extra costs involved. The progression of selecting and training workers is costly, and their productivity can not be as good as experienced workers for a while. Also, when a worker is laid off, there are usually benefi ts that must be paid, as well as the less tangible chilling effect on labor relations.Thus, despite the use of strategic management process and content models, numerous managers fail to maintain or develop their firm's competitive position. The new globally competitive framework requires using old strategies by formulating them accordingly. As â€Å"Knowledge-intensive firms compete differently – they fight vigorously to win the best experts and best projects, but thereafter cooperate with their rivals. † (Norman Sheehan) Jenster (1987) introduced a strategy planning and strategic control process that is firmly integrated with the firm's information system.The new way is used for developing, monitoring and assimilating critical information into effective strategic management decision support that is CSFs (critical success factors) that clearly and briefly communicate critical elements of the strategy to members of the organization. More significant, the CSFs direct the attention of key managers to focus on the vital premises of the firm's strategy. Shriberg et al. (1997) described how the BPM method can be used as a tool for strategy execution.This technique describes CSFs as the primary step towards strategic execution. These few factors should be executed with excellence to gain and protract competitive advantage. Once CSFs (or driving forces or core competencies) have been identified, the next step in BPM is to widen performance measures for the CSFs. CSFs specify to the firm what has to be done to attain goals. Performance measures determine how well the firm should perform and whether it has been successful. Lots of authors suggest that CSFs can be used in an organization's planning function.Additionally, they can be used in increasing strategic plans, implementing a plan, helping managers attain high performance, managing resources and monitoring a corporation's activities (Ferguson and Dickinson 1984). The motivating force behind world eco nomic growth has changed. Consequently, the key success factor for various firms is maximizing strategic means. Rather than price and quality, formulating strategies in new ways has become the dominant. As a strategy itself provides the most sustainable long-term competitive advantage. References: Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate strategy: An analytical approach to business policy for growth and expansion. New York: McGraw-Hill. Arthur Thompson, Jr., and A. J. Strickland Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, 9th Edition (1990). Chandler, 1962, Strategy and Structures: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass Crosby, Philip B (1979) Quality is Free, Mentor Books, New York Day, Georges, and Robin Wensley (1988), â€Å"Assess Advantage: A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Superiority,† Journal of Marketing 52 (April), 1-20. Ferguson, C. R. and Dickson, R. (1982) ‘Critical success factors for directors for the eighties', Business Horizons, May-June, 14-18. Ghoshal, S. and Westrey, D. E. (eds) (1993) Organisation Theory and the Multinational Corporation, New York, St Martin's Press. Jackson, S., Hitt, M. & DeNisi, A., (eds). (2003). Managing Knowledge for Sustained Competitive Advantage: Designing Strategies for Effective H uman Resource Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Jenster, P. V. (1987) ‘Using critical success factors in planning', Long Range Planning, 20: 102-3. Porter, Michael E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press. __ (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superiority. New Y ork: Free Press. Shriberg, A., Lloyd, C., Shriberg, D. and Williamson, M. (1997) Practicing Leadership: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. Weinrauch, Donald J. (1986), â€Å"Franchising an Established Business,† Journal of Small Business Management 24 (July), 1-7.